內容簡介
內容簡介 貧富差距如何影響窮小孩與富小孩的選擇機會?從所得不平等到機會不平等,二十八個向上流動與無法翻身的生命故事貧富差距如何影響窮小孩與富小孩的選擇機會?「我一直是輸家,我這麼努力完成生命中所有事情,但終究還是白費功夫!完了,我一輩子就他媽的完了!」──大衛(窮小孩) 「我從來沒有為錢煩惱過,我身邊的人一直都盡心盡力幫我,引領我走上正軌,我對於自己生命中的一切感到心滿意足。」──雀兒喜(富小孩)從所得不平等到機會不平等二十八個向上流動與無法翻身的生命故事◎美國社會研究經典名著《獨自打保齡球》作者、哈佛大學公共政策學家,最新力作◎藍佩嘉 專文推薦近年來,許多研究都證實世界各地的貧富差距不斷擴大,相較於種族、性別問題的進步,所得與財富的分配不均正嚴重惡化下一代的機會不平等,阻礙窮人的翻身機會。在經濟起飛的年代,不管出身為何,只要努力,人人都有機會成功,黑手也能變頭家。但隨著經濟發展趨緩,家世背景的影響力愈來愈大,有錢人家的孩子就算資質平庸,也能在大量資源挹注下,贏過窮人家的聰明小孩。為了理解貧富差距如何影響富人與窮人的生命機會,哈佛大學教授普特南組成研究團隊訪問一〇七位年輕人與他們的父母,呈現一九五〇年代至今,美國富裕家庭與貧窮家庭的生命故事。作者發現,相較於一九五〇年代,現在窮人與富人的隔離日益嚴重,富人集中在豪宅區,窮人集中在貧民窟,日常生活中人們愈來愈難接觸到與自己不同階級的人。此外,窮小孩與富小孩的機會不平等,年齡不斷下修,在學齡前就呈現巨大落差,中上階級的父母有更多時間陪伴孩子、給予刺激,培養孩子的認知與非認知技巧,窮人家的孩子則時常面臨家庭的崩解,或在隔代教養的環境中長大。不同於一般貧富差距研究多呈現數據資料,本書側重許多個人的成長歷程,以此訴說家庭環境、教養方式、學校、社區、社會資本的差異,如何影響不同階級孩子的流動機會。最後,針對貧窮孩子的困境,作者也提出解決方案,他認為我們應該將所有孩子都視為『我們的孩子』,以集體的力量來養育,否則機會不平等將同時危及經濟的成長與民主的效能,導致我們必須付出更多社會成本收拾後果。本書中文書介出自<<階級世代: 窮小孩與富小孩的機會不平等>>衛城出版A New York Times bestseller and “a passionate, urgent” (The New Yorker) examination of the growing inequality gap from the bestselling author of Bowling Alone: why fewer Americans today have the opportunity for upward mobility. Central to the very idea of America is the principle that we are a nation of opportunity. But over the last quarter century we have seen a disturbing “opportunity gap” emerge. We Americans have always believed that those who have talent and try hard will succeed, but this central tenet of the American Dream seems no longer true or at the least, much less true than it was. In Our Kids, Robert Putnam offers a personal and authoritative look at this new American crisis, beginning with the example of his high school class of 1959 in Port Clinton, Ohio. The vast majority of those students went on to lives better than those of their parents. But their children and grandchildren have faced diminishing prospects. Putnam tells the tale of lessening opportunity through poignant life stories of rich, middle class, and poor kids from cities and suburbs across the country, brilliantly blended with the latest social-science research. “A truly masterful volume” (Financial Times), Our Kids provides a disturbing account of the American dream that is “thoughtful and persuasive” (The Economist). Our Kids offers a rare combination of individual testimony and rigorous evidence: “No one can finish this book and feel complacent about equal opportunity” (The New York Times Book Review).